1 Karl Marx, Capital Vol. I (New York: Vintage Books,
1977), 915, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm.
2 Average world gross national income is $7,748.
Source: World Bank Key Development Data and Statistics, http:
//web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:
20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:
239419,00.html.
3 Global Aids Statistics, Global AIDS Alliance, http:
//www.
globalaidsalliance.org/info/fact_sheets.
4 Patrick Bond, Looting
Africa: The Economics of Exploitation
(London: Zed Books, 2006), 2.
5 “Questioning authority: Interview with Robert
Calderisi,” , May/June 2006.
6 Quoted in John Pilger, “Iran may be the
greatest crisis of modern times,” International
Socialist Review 53, May–June 2007.
7 Michael Watts, “Empire of oil: Capitalist
Dispossession and the scramble for Africa,” Monthly Review, September, 2006.
8 “Reducing U.S. oil dependence,” Natural
Resources Defense Council, http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/fensec.asp.
9 Monica Perin, “Oil firms flow to West
Africa,” Alexander’s Gas and Oil Connections, http:
//www.gasandoil.com/goc/ company/ cna25023.htm.
10 “According to data from the U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA), the United States imported 1.736 million
barrels per day (b/d) from Sub-Saharan Africa in February 2007—the
bulk from Nigeria and Angola but also from Chad, Congo (Brazzaville),
Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. This amount was slightly greater than imports
from the Middle East—Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, and a small amount
from Yemen—which totaled 1.708 million b/d. In March 2007, the United
States imported 2.194 million b/d from sub-Saharan Africa compared to 2.095
million b/d from the Middle East.” Peter Kiernan, “Will Africa
rival the Middle East as a U.S. oil supplier?” World Politics Review, October 31,
2007, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=1292.
11 Ã…shild KolÃ¥s, “China in African oil: Guilty
as charged?,” Economists for Peace and
Security Newsletter, June 2007, http:
//www.epsusa. org/publications/newsletter/june2007/kolas.htm.
12 Carola Hoyos, “The new seven sisters: Oil
and gas giants dwarf Western rivals,” Financial
Times, March 12, 2007.
13 Ibid.
14 Bruce Dixon, “Africa: Next U.S. oil war
venue,” Black Star News, April 17, 2007.
15 Ibid.
16 John Ghazvinian, Untapped:
The Scramble for Africa’s Oil (New York:
Harcourt Books, 2007). Ghazvinian gives a country-by-country detailing of
the workings of Big Oil in Africa, as well as their local collaborators and
community resistance.
17 “Are African peacekeepers in Somalia to
serve Western oil and gas interests?” Somaliland
Times, February 24, 2007.
18 Watts, “Empire of oil.”
19 Interview with John Ghazvinian on Democracy Now, May 17, 2007, http:
//www.democracynow.org/2007/5/17/untapped_the_
scramble_for_africas_oil.
20 “World economic outlook: Spillovers and
cycles in the global economy, International Monetary Fund, April 2007.
21 Joanna Chung, “Sub-Saharan Africa confident
it can attract investment,” Financial
Times, May 1, 2007
22 “Majors turn to Africa for growth, but face
mounting competition (ExxonMobil Corp.),” The
Oil Daily, November 10, 2005. Dino Mahtani,
“The new scramble for Africa’s resources,” Financial Times, January 28,
2008.
23 Ibid.
24 Luisa Beltran, “Buyout firm targets
Africa,” Daily Deal/The Deal, May 24, 2007. Cf. Javier Santiso, “Africa: an
emerging markets frontier,” OECD Observer, December 2007.
25 Robert Farzad, “Can greed save
Africa?” BusinessWeek, December 10, 2007.
26 Jad Mouawad, “Angola, one of the poorest
places on Earth, is an oil industry darling,” International Herald Tribune, March 19,
2007.
27 “Are African peacekeepers in Somalia to
serve Western Oil and Gas interests?”
28 William Wallis and Geoff Dyer, “Wen calls
for more access for Africa,” Financial
Times, May 16, 2007.
29 Walden Bello, “Beijing’s turbo-charged
diplomacy sparks debate in Africa,” Pambazuka
News, February 8, 2007.
30 Jad Mouawad, “Oil may provide a way for
Sudan to escape the full pain of the new U.S. sanctions,” New York Times, May 30, 2007.
31 Ayesha Kajee, “The dirty underbelly of the
Darfur conflict,” Pambazuka News, April 25, 2007.
32 Michael Wines, “China’s influence in
Africa arouses some resistance,” New York
Times, February 10, 2007.
33 Wallis and Dyer, “Wen calls for more access
for Africa.”
34 Alan Beattie and Eoin Callan, “China loans
create ‘new wave of Africa debt,’” Financial Times, December 7, 2006.
35 Wallis and Dyer, “Wen calls for more access
for Africa.”
36 Ibid.
37 F. William Engdahl, “China and U.S.A in new
cold war over Africa’s oil riches: Darfur? It’s the oil,
stupid…” Global Research, May 20, 2007.
38 Jim Yardley, “China defends Sudan policy and criticizes
Olympics tie-in,” New York Times, March 8, 2008.
39 Richard McGregorin, “Beijing’s Africa
envoy to focus on Darfur,” Financial
Times, May 16, 2007.
40 Alan Beattie, “Loans that could cost Africa
dear,” Financial Times, April 23, 2007.
41 “Chinese model is no panacea for
Africa,” Financial Times, February 6, 2007.
42 Brian Smith, “Western concern at
China’s growing involvement in Africa,” World Socialist Web
Site (WSWS), April 10, 2006
43 Mahtani, “The new scramble for
Africa’s resources.”
44 Ghazvinian, Untapped:
The Scramble for Africa’s Oil, 14.
45 Mahtani, “The new scramble for
Africa’s resources.”
46 Mouawad, “Angola, one of the poorest places
on Earth, is an oil industry darling.”
47 Bruce Dixon, “Africa—Where the next
U.S. oil wars will be,” Black Agenda
Report, February 28, 2007, http:
//www.
blackagendareport.com.
48 Eric Toussaint, Your
Money or Your Life: The Tyranny of Global Finance (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005), 279.
49 “Economic development in Africa: Rethinking
the role of foreign direct investment,” United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development, March 2005.
50 Ibid, 284. See Thandika Mkandawire,
“Maladjusted African economies and globalization,” Africa Development, Vol. XXX,
Nos. 1 & 2, 2005, 1–33.
51 Ibid., 18.
52 Mike Davis, Planet of
Slums (London: Verso, 2006), 156.
53 Africa Development
Indicators, 2007, World Bank, Washington, D.C.,
2008.
54 Watts, “Empire of oil.”
55 Africa Action Press Release, August 22, 2001, http:
//www.africaaction.org/desk/wcar0108.htm.
56 “Signing away the future: How trade and
investment agreements between rich and poor countries undermine
development,” Oxfam Briefing Paper, March 2007.
57 Cited in Davis. Planet
of Slums, 23.
58 “Signing away the future.”
59 Quoted in Davis. Planet
of Slums, 164.
60 Africa Development
Indicators, 2007.
61 Jennifer Abrahamson, “Meet the buppies,” Salon.com,
April 29, 2004.
62 Ghazvinian, Untapped, 68
63 Ibid., 19.
64 Calderisi interview, May/June 2006.
65 Frida Berrigan “The new military frontier:
Africa,” Foreign Policy In Focus, September 19, 2007.
66 Mkandawire, “Maladjusted African economies
and globalization,” 8.
67 Bond, Looting Africa, 50.
68 Barry Mason, “G8 fails to meet aid pledges
to Africa,” WSWS, June 6, 2007.
69 Hugh Williamson, “Annan chides G8 on aid to
Africa,” Financial Times, April 24, 2007.
70 Alan Beattie, “G8 pledge on aid to Africa
threatened as spending falls,” Financial
Times, April 4, 2007.
71 The World is Still
Waiting, Oxfam Briefing Paper, May 2007.
72 Eric Ruder, “How Washington puts profits
before helping Africa’s poor: Condemned to death and disease,” Socialist Worker, July 18, 2003.
73 David Cronin, “African countries fight EU
for survival,” IPS, May 22, 2007.
74 Gavin Capps, “Redesigning the Debt
Trap,” International Socialism 107, June 27, 2005, http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=
116 issue=107.
75 Henning Melber, “The new scramble for
Africa’s resources,” Pambazuka
News, February 8, 2007.
76 The full declaration can be found at http:
//www.ifg.org/wssd/acsnepad_decl.htm.
77 “China in Africa,” Financial Times, April 26, 2007.
78 See “African Oil: A priority for U. S.
national security and African development,” Institute for Advanced
Strategic and Political Studies, Washington, D.C., May 2002.
79 Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright,
“Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee On Fiscal
Year 2000 budget, February 24, 1999, Washington, D.C., as released by the
Office of the Spokesman U.S. Department of State.
80 Bond, Looting Africa, 76.
81 John Prendergast and Colin Thomas-Jensen,
“Blowing the Horn,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007.
82 Nick Dearden, “Bush does Somalia: The war on
terror hits Africa,” Counterpunch, December 30/31, 2006.
83 Ibid.
84 F. William Engdahl, “China and U.S.A in new
cold war over Africa’s oil riches.”
85 Paul Taylor, “EU experts fear U.S. could
spark Somalia war,” Reuters, November 21, 2006.
86 Amelie Bottllier-Depois, “New EU strategy
targets Horn of Africa instability,” AFP, October 20, 2006.
87 David Whitehouse, “Massacre in Somalia:
Ethiopian occupiers carry out U.S. policy in the Horn of Africa,” International Socialist Review 53,
May–June 2007.
88 John Prendergast and Colin Thomas-Jensen,
“Blowing the horn,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007.
89 Carl Bloice, “Somalia: the hidden war for
oil,” Black Commentator, May 2, 2007.
90 Ibid.
91 Ibid.
92 Interview with Salim Lone, Democracy Now! January 9, 2007.
93 “Routinely targeted: Attacks on civilians in
Somalia,” Amnesty International, May 6, 2008, 1. Typically, this
report condemns all sides equally, though it places more emphasis on the
depredations of the Ethiopian occupiers.
94 “Aid workers with guns,” Nicholas
Kristof, New York Times, March 4, 2007.
95 Bloice, “Somalia: The hidden war for
oil.”
96 Berrigan, “The new military frontier:
Africa.”
97 Dixon, “Africa—where the next U.S. oil
wars will be.”
98 Endgahl, “China and U.S.A in new cold war
over Africa’s oil riches.”
99 “U.S. hires military contractor to support
peacekeeping mission in Somalia,” Associated Press, March 7, 2007.
100 Dixon.
101 Eric S. Margolis, “The five-way contest for
oil sources in Africa and Asia,” Gulf
Times, March 19, 2007.
102 John Bellamy Foster, “A warning to Africa:
The new U.S. imperial grand strategy,” Monthly
Review, June 2006.
103 Ike Okonta, “Nigeria—danger signs on
democracy road,” Pambazuka News, April 10, 2007.
104 Interview with John Ghazvinian, Democracy Now!, May 24, 2007.
105 Walden Bello, “Beijing’s turbo-charged
diplomacy sparks debate in Africa.”
106 Thomas Pearmain, “U.S. boosts Navy to
protect Gulf of Guinea oil interests; China woos Africa at banking
conference,” Global Insight, May 22, 2007
107 See Peter Binns, “Revolution and state
capitalism in the Third Word,” International
Socialism 25, Autumn 1984.
108 Cf. Leo Zeilig, ed. Class
Struggle and Resistance in Africa (London:
New Clarion Press, 2002), 24–25.
109 Bond, Looting Africa, 144.
110 Mike Davis, Planet of
Slums, 161–63.
111 Deborah Kelly, “Nigerian protesters leave
Shell oil hub,” International Oil Daily, May 17, 2007.
112 Peter Kemp “Exxon Rapped on Chad-Cameroon
Pipeline as Oil Revenues Surge,” Oil Daily, July 26, 2007.
113 Quoted in Bond, Looting
Africa, 76.
114 Patrick Bond and Masimba Manyanya, Zimbabwe’s Plunge: Exhausted Nationalism,
Neoliberalism and the Search for Social Justice (Natal: Merlin Press/University of Natal Press/Weaver Press,
2003), 90.
115 David Whitehouse, “General strike targets
privatization plan,” Socialist Worker, September 14, 2001.
116 “Ten years after the fall of apartheid:
Interview with Patrick Bond,” Socialist
Worker, May 7, 2004.
Source: http://www.isreview.org/issues/60/feat-africa.shtml
Comments
Post a Comment