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KWAME NKRUMAH AT PENNSYLVANIA A Digital Exhibition of the Pennsylvania African Studies Center Kwame Nkrumah  (1909-1972), M.S. in Educ. 1943, M.A. 1944, was born in Africa's Gold Coast (now Ghana). As a young man, he was a school teacher before leaving his homeland to further his education in American universities. He later traveled to England where he worked for the decolonization of Africa and in the Pan-African movement before returning to Africa to lead his country's independence movement. After the 1957 British withdrawal from his country, Nkrumah became Prime Minister and then, in 1960, the first president of the modern nation of Ghana. Despite his early studies of Marxism, Nkrumah's political views tended toward socialism rather than to capitalism or communism. During his early years in office, Nkrumah did much to modernize his country. Despite high hopes, however, the difficulties of financing power plants and organizing armies in a poor African country led to ...

9 Things You May Not Know About Robert Mugabe By Lucy Fleming BBC News Robert Mugabe is turning 90 and a weekend of celebrations is planned in Zimbabwe to celebrate the president's long life. Born in the village of Kutama, south-west of the capital, he was educated by Jesuits and went on to become a teacher before joining the liberation struggle, spending 11 years in prison and becoming Zimbabwe's first leader in 1980. Here are nine things you may not know about him - and which may hold the key to his longevity. 1) Exercise and traditional food "I fall sick if I don't exercise," Mr Mugabe said three years ago. Needing little sleep, he gets up between 04:00 and 05:00 every morning to exercise while, according to a close source, listening to the BBC World Service. But he's not fond of the gym machines his wife has installed in state house and  prefers to follow his own regime : "In prison we had no equipment, we just had ourselves and th...

Only Africans Can Develop Africa THE African continent has no choice but to completely divorce itself from the disastrous and dependent construct of ‘just surviving, merely existing’ and indefinitely root itself into the real and tangible trajectory of living, the reality of a dignified lifestyle. The day-in-day-out toil for barebones survival, the contentment with the ‘beggars and burgers theory’ is just unacceptable right here in the meaty-beefy, resource-laden continent. The ‘cradle of mankind’ is well-endowed with abundant natural resources, raw beauty and manned by extraordinary social engineers with the African cause which was stubbornly self-tattooed at the inception of existence. This is a continent with a cause, a just cause, a bona fide blue-print for its re-ignition, its re-organisation and intended dignified re-emergence. These social engineers are not new and we have witnessed their emergence before in the form of Kwame Nkrumah...

Kingdom of Ghana Before Slavery Penny Tweedie/Oxfam Traditions more than 1,000 years old still thrive in Ghana. Ghanaian boys are perfectly at home with traditional masks. Between the 9th and 11th centuries C.E., the kingdom of Ghana was so rich that its dogs wore golden collars, and its horses, which were adorned with silken rope halters, slept on plush carpets. Based on animal luxuries alone, it is no wonder that foreigners touted Ghana's kings as the richest men in the world.   Certainly they were living the high life ... but how did they do it? Located within the present-day borders of Mauritania, Mali, and Senegal, medieval Ghana literally sat on a gold mine. The land's abundance of resources allowed Ghana's rulers to engage in years of prosperous trading. Strategic governing coupled with great location led to the rapid emergence of a very wealthy empire. Gold in Wagadugu Most of what we know about ancient Ghana — which is more accurately called Wagadugu...

Does The Universe Have a Purpose? This booklet neatly embodies our approach to the Big Questions: the contributors are scholars and thinkers of the first rank, they address a perennial and much-disputed subject, and they bring to bear in civil, elegant prose a range of different perspectives. By assembling this “conversation,” we intend to promote a dialogue that transcends familiar rhetoric and stock answers. We aim to turn discourse on the Big Questions in a more thoughtful, considered direction. It is our hope that this booklet will be a lasting resource for students, teachers, parents, scientists, clergy, and anyone else engaged with the great issues of human nature and purpose. Lawrence M. Krauss - Unlikely Lawrence M. Krauss is Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Case Western Reserve University. Perhaps you hoped for a stronger statement, one way or the other. But as a scientist I don’t believe I can make one. While nothing in biology, chemistry, physics,...